Phosphorus fertilization induces nectar secretion for honeybee visitation and cross-pollination of almond trees
- 10 February 2021
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Oxford University Press (OUP) in Journal of Experimental Botany
- Vol. 72 (8), 3307-3319
- https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab060
Abstract
Precise phosphorus (P) application requires a mechanistic understanding of mineral effects on crop biology and physiology. Photosynthate assimilation, metabolism, and transport require phosphorylation, and we postulated that P is critical for the bloom and fruit-set of almond trees that rely on stored carbohydrate reserves. Hence, we studied the growth, physiology and carbohydrate dynamics in 2-year-old almond trees irrigated with P concentrations between 1 mg l−1 and 20 mg l−1. Almond trees attained maximal photosynthesis, transpiration, and growth by 6 mg P l−1 irrigation. Nevertheless, almond trees continued to extract P in 10 mg P l−1 and 15 mg P l−1 irrigations, which corresponded to larger yields. We attributed the augmented productivity to increased fruit-set (59% between 6 mg P l−1 and 15 mg P l−1), caused by more frequent (29%) honeybee visits. High P improved pollinator visitation by enabling almond trees to utilize more of their starch reserves for nectar secretion (which increased by ~140% between 6 mg P l−1 and 15 mg P l−1). This work elucidates the benefits of P fertilization to plant–pollinator mutualism, critical to almond productivity, and reveals novel indices for optimal P application in almond orchards.Keywords
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