Lipopolysaccharide activates microglia via neuraminidase 1 desialylation of Toll‐like Receptor 4
Open Access
- 12 April 2020
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Wiley in Journal of Neurochemistry
- Vol. 155 (4), 403-416
- https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15024
Abstract
Most cell surface receptors are sialylated, i.e. have sialic acid as the terminal residue of their sugar chains, but can be desialylated by sialidases, such as neuraminidase 1 (Neu1). Desialylation by Neu1 can activate immune cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages and monocytes. We investigated the role of Neu1 in activation of microglia using BV‐2 cells (a murine microglial cell line) by cytokine ELISAs, enzyme activity assays, antibody/lectin binding and proximity labelling. We found that LPS‐activation caused an increase in Neu1 protein on the cell surface, and an increase in surface sialidase activity that was prevented by Neu1 knockdown. Moreover, LPS induced IL‐6 and MCP‐1 release, which was reduced by Neu1 knockdown and increased by Neu1 overexpression. Neu1 knockdown also prevented the maintenance of IL‐6 release by microglia after LPS was removed. Sialidase treatment of the cells was sufficient to induce IL‐6 release, prevented by inhibiting TLR4. Neu1 was found in close proximity to TLR4 on the surface of cells, and LPS induced desialylation of TLR4 on the cell surface, prevented by Neu1 knockdown. Siglec‐E was found to bind to TLR4 via sialic acid residues and inhibit IL‐6 release by BV‐2 cells. We conclude that LPS causes Neu1 to translocate to the cell surface, where it desialylates TLR4, releasing inhibitory Siglec‐E, enhancing and maintaining inflammatory activation of the microglia. Thus, sialylation is a potent regulator of microglial activation, and Neu1 may be a target to reduce activation of microglia.Keywords
Funding Information
- Medical Research Council (MR/L010593)
- AstraZeneca (N/A)
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