Solutions of Critical Raw Materials Issues Regarding Iron-Based Alloys
Open Access
- 12 February 2021
- Vol. 14 (4), 899
- https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040899
Abstract
The Critical Raw Materials (CRMs) list has been defined based on economic importance and supply risk by the European Commission. This review paper describes two issues regarding critical raw materials: the possibilities of their substitution in iron-based alloys and the use of iron-based alloys instead of other materials in order to save CRMs. This review covers strategies for saving chromium in stainless steel, substitution or lowering the amounts of carbide-forming elements (especially tungsten and vanadium) in tool steel and alternative iron-based CRM-free and low-CRM materials: austempered ductile cast iron, high-temperature alloys based on intermetallics of iron and sintered diamond tools with an iron-containing low-cobalt binder.Keywords
Funding Information
- European Cooperation in Science and Technology (CA15102)
- Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja (451-03-68/2020-14/200156)
- UK Research and Innovation (EP/L016567/1, EP/S013652/1, EP/T001100/1, EP/S036180/1, EP/T024607/1)
- Royal Academy of Engineering (IAPP18-19\295, TSP1332, EXPP2021\1\277)
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