Fallow continues to be a common agronomic practice on the southern Canadian prairies, but it has been associated with increased soil erosion and salinity and declining soil fertility. Field experiments were conducted at Lethbridge, Alberta, from 1987 to 1992 to determine the effects of various fallow treatments on weed control, conservation of surface crop residues, accumulation of soil water, and succeeding spring and winter wheat yields. Conventional cultivation during the fallow year with 168-cm sweeps controlled most spring-germinating weeds but did not adequately control overwintered flix-weed or downy brome. Repeated applications of glyphosate and 2,4-D effectively controlled most weeds. Paraquat did not control wild buckwheat or dandelion. Glyphosate alone often did not control wild buckwheat or Russian thistle. Treatments involving a combination of herbicides and tillage gave the best control of all weed species. Although not as effective in conserving surface crop residues as sole use of herbicides, many of the combined herbicide-tillage treatments maintained sufficient crop residue to keep the risk of soil erosion low. Soil water accumulation and succeeding wheat yields with the combined herbicide-tillage treatments were similar to, or greater than, those attained with repeated herbicides or repeated tillage. Management systems combining herbicides and tillage for fallow weed control may reduce costs and prevent or retard the development of herbicide resistance. Key words: Water conservation, herbicides, reduced tillage, soil erosion, stubble retention, weed control, wheat yield, no-till