Tumors and activated macrophages release angiogenic factors that stimulate migration and proliferation of capillaries. We studied the development of angiogenesis before the appearance of mesotheliomas in C57B1/6 mice. Weekly i.p. injections of crocidolite asbestos fibers produced mesotheliomas after 30-50 wk. The initial histologic response to asbestos fibers was a nodular lesion on the peritoneal lining composed of clusters of fibers, activated macrophages, and proliferating mesenchymal cells. The earliest visible evidence of angiogenesis was seen surrounding 7% of these lesions 14 days after a single injection of 200 μg of crocidolite asbestos fibers. After six weekly injections, 30% of the lesions containing asbestos fibers were surrounded by a capillary network radiating toward the center of the lesion. Other mineral fibers, including chrysotile asbestos and fiberglass, also induced angiogenesis after six weekly injections. In contrast, only 8% of the lesions containing short asbestos fibers (90.6% ≤ 2.0 μm) and 9% of the lesions containing silica particles showed evidence of angiogenesis. We conclude that tumorigenic mineral fibers induce angiogenesis in the peritoneal lining, whereas nontumorigenic mineral particles or short asbestos fibers are less effective. Ingrowth of new blood vessels around clusters of asbestos fibers may facilitate the later emergence of mesotheliomas at these sites.— Branchaud, R. M.; MacDonald, J. L.; Kane, A. B. Induction of angiogenesis by intraperitoneal injection of asbestos fibers. FASEB J. 3: 1747-1752; 1989.