The P2 Receptor Antagonist PPADS Supports Recovery from Experimental Stroke In Vivo
Open Access
- 17 May 2011
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Public Library of Science (PLoS) in PLOS ONE
- Vol. 6 (5), e19983
- https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019983
Abstract
After ischemia of the CNS, extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) can reach high concentrations due to cell damage and subsequent increase of membrane permeability. ATP may cause cellular degeneration and death, mediated by P2X and P2Y receptors. The effects of inhibition of P2 receptors by pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulphonic acid (PPADS) on electrophysiological, functional and morphological alterations in an ischemia model with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were investigated up to day 28. Spontaneously hypertensive rats received PPADS or vehicle intracerebroventricularly 15 minutes prior MCAO for up to 7 days. The functional recovery monitored by qEEG was improved by PPADS indicated by an accelerated recovery of ischemia-induced qEEG changes in the delta and alpha frequency bands along with a faster and sustained recovery of motor impairments. Whereas the functional improvements by PPADS were persistent at day 28, the infarct volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging and the amount of TUNEL-positive cells were significantly reduced by PPADS only until day 7. Further, by immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we identified both neurons and astrocytes as TUNEL-positive after MCAO. The persistent beneficial effect of PPADS on the functional parameters without differences in the late (day 28) infarct size and apoptosis suggests that the early inhibition of P2 receptors might be favourable for the maintenance or early reconstruction of neuronal connectivity in the periinfarct area after ischemic incidents.Keywords
This publication has 67 references indexed in Scilit:
- Differences in the Evolution of the Ischemic Penumbra in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto RatsStroke, 2009
- A Functional P2X7 Splice Variant with an Alternative Transmembrane Domain 1 Escapes Gene Inactivation in P2X7 Knock-out MicePublished by Elsevier BV ,2009
- Mitochondria, oxidative metabolism and cell death in strokeBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease, 2009
- Current Status of Neuroprotection for Cerebral IschemiaStroke, 2009
- Involvement of P2X and P2Y receptors in microglial activation in vivoPurinergic Signalling, 2007
- P2X7 receptors: Properties and relevance to CNS functionGlia, 2006
- Enhancement of Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in Spiny Neurons After Transient Forebrain IschemiaJournal of Neurophysiology, 2006
- Role of the metabotropic P2Y4 receptor during hypoglycemia: cross talk with the ionotropic NMDAR1 receptorExperimental Cell Research, 2004
- Purinergic modulation of neuronal activity in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system in vivoSynapse, 2002
- Quantitative Electroencephalographic Changes Due To Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion By Endothelin 1 In Conscious RatsArchives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 1998