A Bayesian Framework to Account for Complex Non-Genetic Factors in Gene Expression Levels Greatly Increases Power in eQTL Studies

Abstract

Gene expression measurements are influenced by a wide range of factors, such as the state of the cell, experimental conditions and variants in the sequence of regulatory regions. To understand the effect of a variable of interest, such as the genotype of a locus, it is important to account for variation that is due to confounding causes. Here, we present VBQTL, a probabilistic approach for mapping expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) that jointly models contributions from genotype as well as known and hidden confounding factors. VBQTL is implemented within an efficient and flexible inference framework, making it fast and tractable on large-scale problems. We compare the performance of VBQTL with alternative methods for dealing with confounding variability on eQTL mapping datasets from simulations, yeast, mouse, and human. Employing Bayesian complexity control and joint modelling is shown to result in more precise estimates of the contribution of different confounding factors resulting in additional associations to measured transcript levels compared to alternative approaches. We present a threefold larger collection of cis eQTLs than previously found in a whole-genome eQTL scan of an outbred human population. Altogether, 27% of the tested probes show a significant genetic association in cis, and we validate that the additional eQTLs are likely to be real by replicating them in different sets of individuals. Our method is the next step in the analysis of high-dimensional phenotype data, and its application has revealed insights into genetic regulation of gene expression by demonstrating more abundant cis-acting eQTLs in human than previously shown. Our software is freely available online at http://www.sanger.ac.uk/resources/software/peer/. Gene expression is a complex phenotype. The measured expression level in an experiment can be affected by a wide range of factors—state of the cell, experimental conditions, variants in the sequence of regulatory regions, and others. To understand genotype-to-phenotype relationships, we need to be able to distinguish the variation that is due to the genetic state from all the confounding causes. We present VBQTL, a probabilistic method for dissecting gene expression variation by jointly modelling the underlying global causes of variability and the genetic effect. Our method is implemented in a flexible framework that allows for quick model adaptation and comparison with alternative models. The probabilistic approach yields more accurate estimates of the contributions from different sources of variation. Applying VBQTL, we find that common genetic variation controlling gene expression levels in human is more abundant than previously shown, which has implications for a wide range of studies relating genotype to phenotype.