WATER EXCHANGE

Abstract

The author discusses 1, Membrane equilibria and transfers of water within the body, including movements of water between circulating blood and extracellular fluid, vol. of the circulating blood, the lymphatic system, interstitial fluid, vol. of the extracellular fluid and forces that vary it, intracellular fluid and its control, vol. of the total and intracellular fluids. 2. Exchanges of water with the environment, including thirst, alimentary exchanges of water, losses of water through skin and respiratory passages, metabolic measurement of water balances, sensible perspiration, measurement of water balances in sweating subjects. 3. Regulation of body fluids by the kidneys. 4. Nervous control of urine formation. 5. The action of endocrine glands, including hypophysis, suprarenal glands, thyroid gland, sexual hormones, pregnancy. 6. Effects of diet, water and salts, including malnutrition, water deprivation and excess, Na deficiency and excess, acidifying and alkalinizing measures, salts other than NaHCO3 and chloride. 7. Diuretic drugs and chemicals, including urea, sugars, and purine and mercurial diuretics. 8. Posture and exercise.