This chapter discusses the formulation and potential of Tibor Gánti’s chemoton theory as a platform for theoretical and empirical modeling and simulation of artificial living systems. It discusses Gá characterization of living systems by means of life criteria and his chemoton theory. The chapter considers how chemoton theory sheds light on the problems shared by origins of life research and experimental constructions of artificial living systems, and potential historical pathways from chemical to living systems that represent alternative research programs for the construction of artificial living systems.