Transcriptomic analysis of autistic brain reveals convergent molecular pathology

Abstract

Despite high heritability, autism is genetically very heterogeneous. This raises the question of whether there are many different pathologies presenting as autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), or whether the myriad genetic causes converge on a few biological pathways affected in most individuals, which could be therapeutically targeted. A study using transcriptome and gene co-expression network analysis suggests that the latter, convergent model is the case. The gene expression patterns that typically distinguish frontal and temporal cortex are much less pronounced in the ASD brain, and specific splicing abnormalities and modules of co-expressed genes associated with autism are enriched for previously identified genetic association signals. This points to transcriptional and splicing dysregulation as underlying mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction in this disorder. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common, highly heritable neurodevelopmental condition characterized by marked genetic heterogeneity1,2,3. Thus, a fundamental question is whether autism represents an aetiologically heterogeneous disorder in which the myriad genetic or environmental risk factors perturb common underlying molecular pathways in the brain4. Here, we demonstrate consistent differences in transcriptome organization between autistic and normal brain by gene co-expression network analysis. Remarkably, regional patterns of gene expression that typically distinguish frontal and temporal cortex are significantly attenuated in the ASD brain, suggesting abnormalities in cortical patterning. We further identify discrete modules of co-expressed genes associated with autism: a neuronal module enriched for known autism susceptibility genes, including the neuronal specific splicing factor A2BP1 (also known as FOX1), and a module enriched for immune genes and glial markers. Using high-throughput RNA sequencing we demonstrate dysregulated splicing of A2BP1-dependent alternative exons in the ASD brain. Moreover, using a published autism genome-wide association study (GWAS) data set, we show that the neuronal module is enriched for genetically associated variants, providing independent support for the causal involvement of these genes in autism. In contrast, the immune-glial module showed no enrichment for autism GWAS signals, indicating a non-genetic aetiology for this process. Collectively, our results provide strong evidence for convergent molecular abnormalities in ASD, and implicate transcriptional and splicing dysregulation as underlying mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction in this disorder.