Short-latency evoked potentials (SEPs) of the scalp and neck after median nerve stimulation and acoustic brainstem evoked potentials (BAEPs) were recorded in 85 patients in post-traumatic coma with clinical signs of brainstem impairment between days 2 and 6 after trauma. The central somatosensory conduction time (CCT), the amplitude ratio (AR) N20:N13, the interpeak latencies (IPL) I-III, III-V, I-V, and the ARs between waves I and V (I:V) and between wave I and the wave IV/V complex (I:IV/V) were calculated and related to the outcome of the patients. In cases of coma due to supratentorial lesions, CCT and ARs of SEPs were close to normal in patients with good outcome: CCT increased and ARs decreased with worsening of outcome. In cases of primary brainstem injury, a significant prolongation of CCT was also seen in patients with good recovery, whereas normal CCTs could be found in patients with severe disability and death outcome. In this case, unilateral absent scalp SEPs were frequently found. The IPLs I-III, III-V, I-V, and the ARs of BAEPs increased with worsening of outcome. Significant differences of IPL I-V and III-V (brainstem transmission time) were seen between patients with good recovery or moderate disability outcome and the patients with severe disability or death outcome. There was no difference in BAEPs between patients with primary brainstem lesion and patients with secondary brainstem lesion. Patients with bilateral absent SEPs and bilateral absent BAEPs not related to traumatic or preexisting hearing disorders died or survived severely disabled. Unilateral absence of scalp SEPs and unilateral absence of BAEPs were frequently found in patients who died or who had severe disability. Asymmetries in scalp SEPs appeared to be distributed equally to all outcome categories, but asymmetries in BAEPs increased with worsening of outcome too. In most of the patients who died or survived disabled, both SEPs and BAEPs were abnormal.