An experimental investigation of the roles of the computer interface and individual characteristics in the learning of computer systems

Abstract

The widespread use of computers in organizations places increasing demands on computer trainers and designers to insure that users acquire skills in the most effective ways possible. One generally accepted way to achieve this goal has been to provide users with systems that are user friendly, that tend to reduce learning time, and are fairly comprehensible. Up to this point, this prescription has been applied to the user community as a whole. However, recent research suggests that characteristics of individual users can exert a powerful influence on learning outcomes and may affect the success of a given interface strategy. This study investigates the impact of two types of computer interfaces on learning performance and attitudes toward using a computer system: a direct manipulation interface (the Apple Macintosh) and a command‐based interface (Disk Operating System DOS). It also compares the impacts of two different learner characteristics: individual learning mode and visual ability. Results of the study indicate that subjects using the direct manipulation interface performed much better than those using the command‐based interface. Also, high visual subjects performed better overall than low visual subjects and tended to perceive the systems as easier to use. Learning mode had no effect either on performance or attitudes toward the system. These results are explained in light of theory suggesting that users form mental models of systems with which they interact. Conclusions are drawn from the findings, and recommendations are made for future research.