Pharmacological Cholinergic Blockade Stimulates Inflammatory Cytokine Production and Lymphocytic Infiltration in the Mouse Lacrimal Gland
Open Access
- 1 May 2011
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) in Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science
- Vol. 52 (6), 3221-3227
- https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.09-4212
Abstract
Purpose.: To investigate the effects of cholinergic blockade on inflammatory cell infiltration and cytokine production in the mouse lacrimal gland (LG). Methods.: C57BL/6 mice were untreated (UT) or received subcutaneous injections of either scopolamine hydrobromide (SCOP; 0.5 mg/0.2 mL) or saline (SAL) four times daily for 2 or 5 days (2D, 5D). This was followed by a 7-day rest period in separate groups. Tear volume (cotton thread) and tear epidermal growth factor (EGF, by ELISA) concentrations were measured. Extraorbital LGs were surgically excised and sectioned or lysed for gene expression analysis. Immunohistochemistry evaluated immunophenotype of infiltrating cells. Expression of EGF and T helper (Th)-1, -2, and -17–associated cytokines in LGs was evaluated by real-time PCR. Goblet cell density was evaluated in periodic acid Schiff–stained conjunctival sections. Results.: Tear volume and EGF protein levels were significantly reduced in SCOP5D mice compared with controls, indicating that cholinergic blockade decreased LG secretory function. LGs of SCOP2D and SCOP5D mice showed an increased density of CD4+, CD11c+, CD11b+, and myeloperoxidase+ cells compared with UT controls. At day 5, these cells were significantly elevated compared with SAL-treated counterparts. Elevated levels of IL-17A, IL-17R, IFN-γ, IL-12Rβ1, IL-2, IL-13, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α transcripts were noted in SCOP2D mice and IFN-γ, TGF-β1, and IL-18R transcripts in SCOP5D mice. Conclusions.: Pharmacological blockade of lacrimal secretion induced a significant CD4+ infiltration in the LG, mimicking Sjögren's syndrome. The mRNA expression profile revealed elevations of a mix of inflammatory cytokines and Th-1–associated factors.Keywords
This publication has 35 references indexed in Scilit:
- Corneal nerve regeneration in neurotrophic keratopathy following autologous plasma therapyBritish Journal of Ophthalmology, 2009
- Tear Cytokine Profiles in Dysfunctional Tear SyndromeAmerican Journal of Ophthalmology, 2008
- γδ T cells: an important source of IL-17Current Opinion in Immunology, 2008
- Time course of ocular surface and lacrimal gland changes in a new scopolamine-induced dry eye modelAlbrecht von Graefes Archiv für Ophthalmologie, 2008
- Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States: Part IArthritis & Rheumatism, 2007
- Evaluation of Novel Dry Eye Model: Preganglionic Parasympathetic Denervation in RabbitPublished by Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) ,2007
- Loss of parasympathetic innervation leads to sustained expression of pro-inflammatory genes in the rat lacrimal glandAutonomic Neuroscience, 2006
- Effect of Experimental Dry Eye on Tear Sodium Concentration in the MouseEye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice, 2005
- Th1 versus Th2 immune responses in autoimmune lacrimal gland disease in MRL/Mp mice.2000
- CD4 cytotoxic and dendritic cells in the immunopathologic lesion of Sjögren’s syndromeClinical and Experimental Immunology, 1999