A New Ammonium Smart Sensor with Interference Rejection
Open Access
- 10 December 2020
- Vol. 20 (24), 7102
- https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247102
Abstract
In many water samples, it is important to determine the ammonium concentration in order to obtain an overall picture of the environmental impact of pollutants and human actions, as well as to detect the stage of eutrophization. Ion selective electrodes (ISEs) have been commonly utilized for this purpose, although the presence of interfering ions (potassium and sodium in the case of NH4+-ISE) represents a handicap in terms of the measurement quality. Furthermore, random malfunctions may give rise to incorrect measurements. Bearing all of that in mind, a smart ammonium sensor with enhanced features has been developed and tested in water samples, as demonstrated and commented on in detail following the presentation of the complete set of experimental measurements that have been successfully carried out. This has been achieved through the implementation of an expert system that supervises a set of ISEs in order to (a) avoid random failures and (b) reject interferences. Our approach may also be suitable for in-line monitoring of the water quality through the implementation of wireless sensor networks.Keywords
This publication has 27 references indexed in Scilit:
- A step forward in the in-line river monitoring of nitrate by means of a wireless sensor networkSensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2014
- Extended artificial neural networks: Incorporation of a priori chemical knowledge enables use of ion selective electrodes for in-situ measurement of ions at environmentally relevant levelsTalanta, 2013
- In-line monitoring of chemical-analysis processes using Wireless Sensor NetworksTrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2012
- A Wireless Sensor Network approach for distributed in-line chemical analysis of waterTalanta, 2010
- Ion Selective Electrodes (ISEs) and interferences—A reviewClinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry, 2010
- A guide for selecting the most appropriate method for ammonium determination in water analysisTrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2006
- An “electronic tongue” design for the qualitative analysis of natural watersSensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2004
- Potentiometric Selectivity Coefficients of Ion-Selective Electrodes. Part I. Inorganic Cations (Technical Report)Published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH ,2000
- The features of the electronic tongue in comparison with the characteristics of the discrete ion-selective sensorsSensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 1999
- Fault injection techniques and toolsComputer, 1997