Bioremediation of Petroleum- and Creosote-Contaminated Soils: a Review of Constraints

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Abstract
The evaluation and selection of technologies for the effective remediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated sites requires careful consideration of the waste/site/soil characteristics that determine their ultimate success. The presence of weathered hydrocarbon wastes and sub-optimal environmental conditions places technical restraints on the bioremediation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. A brief overview of applicable bioremediation technologies is followed by an in-depth critical evaluation of limiting factors that can influence the efficacy of biotreatment options, including waste composition, temperature, substrate, bioavailability, accompanying toxicants and soil structure.