Does the Farnsworth D15 test predict the ability to name colours?

Abstract

The Farnsworth D15 test is designed to categorise colour vision deficiency as severe or moderate. The level of difficulty of the test was set so that those who passed it should be able to recognise surface colour codes, such as those used for electrical wiring. The test is widely used to provide advice to patients with abnormal colour vision and is often used for occupational selection when reliable recognition of surface colour codes is required. However, there has been only one previous study of the correlation between performance at the D15 test and the naming of surface colour codes and there has been no study of whether a person who passes the D15 can reliably name surface colours. One hundred and two people aged 11 to 65 years with abnormal colour vision were recruited from consecutively presenting optometric patients and were asked to name the colours of fabric, paint and cotton thread samples. There were 10 colours in each class of material and the samples were presented in a large (five to 10 degree angular subtense) and small size (2.5 deg and a single thread). The errors made were compared to those made by an age-matched control group of equal size with normal colour vision. The correlations between the Farnsworth D15 colour confusion index and colour naming errors were 0.62 for the large stimuli and 0.73 for the small stimuli. Its sensitivity and specificity identifying those who made more errors than the worst performing colour normal person were 0.80 and 0.69 (large stimuli) and 0.75 and 0.71 (small stimuli). A Nagel anomaloscope range of less than 35 scale units provides essentially the same sensitivity and specificity. About 40 per cent of those with abnormal colour vision can name the main colours correctly under good visibility conditions. The D15 test is an imperfect predictor of those who can name surface colour codes correctly but it does provide useful information for general counselling. It is not suitable as a single test for occupational selection because it will pass 20 per cent who cannot name surface colours correctly and fail 30 per cent who can. In occupations in which recognition of surface colour codes is of critical importance, it may be best not to select people with abnormal colour vision because of the lack of a colour vision test that is a perfect predictor of the ability to recognise surface colours.