13‐HPODE and 13‐HODE modulate cytokine‐induced expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules differently

Abstract

Expression of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) at endothelial surfaces represents a physiological response to vascular damage and mediates the initiation of inflammation and possibly of atherogenesis. The cytokines TNFα and IL-1 are potent inducers of CAMs in endothelial cells. Reactive oxygen species comprising lipid oxidation products have been implicated in the signaling pathways of both TNFα and IL-1 and accordingly could modulate atherogenic events. We, therefore, investigated the potential role of the lipoxygenase product, 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HPODE), which has also been identified in oxidized low density lipoproteins on CAM expression in HUVEC. 13-HPODE induced the expression of ICAM-1 in a concentration dependent manner up to 75 μM. Higher concentrations were toxic. Similar effects were observed with H₂O₂ and phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide. VCAM-1 and E-selectin were not induced by 13-HPODE. 13-HPODE administered simultaneously with IL-1 or TNFα induced ICAM-1 additively, suggesting that hydroperoxides and cytokines act on the same signaling pathways. In contrast, pretreatment of cells with 50 μM 13-HPODE for 1 hour rather inhibited subsequent cytokine-induced ICAM-1 and E-selectin expression. Surprisingly, the reduction product of 13-HPODE, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) proved to be an even better inducer of ICAM-1 than 13-HPODE. Pretreatment with 13-HODE did not show any inhibitory effect on ICAM-1 expression. Our data show that lipoxygenase products differentially affect CAM expression. 13-HPODE is stimulatory by itself and can positively or negatively affect cytokine signaling depending on time of exposure. 13-HODE induces CAM expression by itself but does not inhibit cytokine signaling. Thus, the interplay of lipoxygenase products with proinflammatory cytokines can not simply be explained by an oxidant-mediated facilitation of cytokine signaling.