Germ‐line mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 in the normal breast are associated with altered expression of estrogen‐responsive proteins and the predominance of progesterone receptor A

Abstract

The breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are responsible for a large proportion of familial breast and ovarian cancer, yet little is known of how disruptions in the functions of the proteins these genes encode increased cancer risk preferentially in hormone‐dependent tissue. There is no information on whether a germ‐line mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 causes disruptions in hormone‐signaling pathways in the normal breast. In this study markers of hormone responsiveness were measured in prophylactically removed normal breast tissue (n = 31) in women bearing a germ‐line pathogenic mutation in one of the BRCA genes. The estrogen receptor (ER) and proteins associated with ER action in hormone‐sensitive tissues, namely, PS2 and the progesterone receptor (PR), were detected immunohistochemically. ER expression was not different in BRCA mutation carriers than in noncarriers, but there was a reduction in PS2 expression. PR expression was also reduced, and there was a striking lack of expression of the PRB isoform, which resulted in cases with PRA‐only expression in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. The alterations in PS2 and PR expression were similar in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers, demonstrating that although these proteins are structurally and functionally distinct, there is overlap in their interaction with hormone‐signaling pathways. This study provides evidence for altered cell function arising from loss of function of one BRCA allele in the normal breast, leading to PS2 loss, preferential PRB loss, and expression of PRA alone. In breast cancer development, PRA overexpression becomes evident in premalignant lesions and is associated with features of poor prognosis in invasive disease and altered cell function in vitro. The results of this study suggest that heterozygosity for a germ‐line mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 results in development of PRA predominance. This is likely to lead to changes in progesterone signaling in hormone‐dependent tissues, which may be a factor in the increased risk of cancer in these tissues in women with germ‐line BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.