Quinolinic Acid Phosphoribosyltransferase in Rat Brain

Abstract

Because of the possible participation of quinolinic acid in brain function and/or dysfunction, the characteristics of its catabolic enzyme, quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRTase: EC 2.4.2.19), were examined in rat brain tissue. A sensitive radiochemical assay method, based on the conversion of quinolinic acid to nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NAMN), was developed. For brain QPRTase, the Mg2+ dependency, substrate specificity and optimal assay conditions were virtually identical to those of the liver enzyme. Kinetic analyses of brain QPRTase revealed a Km of 3.17 .+-. 0.30 .mu.M for quinolinic acid and Km 65.13 .+-. 13.74 .mu.M for cosubstrate phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. The respecive Vmax values were: 0.91 .+-. 0.08 pmol NAMN/h per mg tissue for quinolinic acid and 11.65 .+-. 1.55 fmol NAMN/h per mg tissue for phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. All kinetic parameters measured for the brain enzyme were significantly different from those determined for liver QPRTase, indicating structural differences or distinct regulatory processes for the brain and liver enzymes. Phthalic acid was a potent competitive inhibitor of brain QPRTase. Examination of the regional distribution of QPRTase in the rat CNS and retina indicated a > 20-fold difference between the area displaying the highest activity (olfactory bulb) and those of only moderate activity (frontal cortex, striatum, retina, hippocampus). Enzyme activity was present at the earliest age tested, 2 days, and tended to increase in older animals. Brain QPRTase activity was preferentially located in the nerve-ending (synaptosomal) fraction. Enzyme activity was stable over extensive periods of storage at -80.degree.C. Further investigations of brain QPRTase (including studies, with human brain material) may reveal clues as to the role of quinolinic acid in normal and pathologic brain.