Serial Measurement of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Serum of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke

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Abstract
Background and Purpose—Both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) are expressed in higher than normal concentrations in the penumbra of patients after ischemic stroke. Because both cytokines are central to the processes of angiogenesis, tissue inflammation, and fibrosis, we performed serial measurements of these cytokines in patients with cerebral infarction and determined their relationship to stroke etiology and volume.