Estrogen Enhances Basal Nitric Oxide Release in the Forearm Vasculature in Perimenopausal Women

Abstract

The mechanisms of estrogen-induced cardiovascular protection are incompletely understood. Acute estrogen administration enhances acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation, suggesting that endothelium-dependent factors may be important. The effect of long-term estrogen supplementation on endothelial function has not been well defined. In this double-blind, randomized study, we examined endothelial function in forearm resistance arteries in 11 perimenopausal women before and after 8 weeks of estrogen supplementation (estradiol valerate, 2 mg daily, n=6) or placebo (n=5). Forearm blood flow was measured by venous-occlusion plethysmography, and vasoactive agents were infused through a brachial artery cannula in doses that did not influence blood pressure or heart rate. Estrogen supplementation significantly reduced systolic and diastolic pressures but had no effect on plasma lipoproteins. Estrogen did not alter the vasodilator responses to acetylcholine at doses of 9.25, 18.5, and 37 μg/min (rise in forearm blood flow before estrogen: 263±72%, 288±66%, and 383±84%, respectively; after estrogen: 205±34%, 260±44%, and 359±54%, P >.05.). Vasodilator responses to the endothelium-independent agent sodium nitroprusside (1.6 μg/min) were also unchanged after estrogen supplementation. However, estrogen enhanced vasoconstrictor responses to the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N ^G -monomethyl- l -arginine at doses of 1, 2, and 4 μmol/min (fall in forearm blood flow before estrogen: 13±9%, 20±7%, and 26±8%, respectively; after estrogen: 18±9%, 36±7%, and 47±7%, P =.04). Responses to vasoactive agents were unchanged after administration of placebo. Thus, in perimenopausal women, estrogen supplementation reduces blood pressure and enhances basal but not acetylcholine-induced nitric oxide release in forearm resistance arteries.