Comparative Maternal and Neonatal Effects of Halothane and Enflurane for Cesarean Section

Abstract

The effects of placental transfer of enflurane and halothane were studied in 81 women undergoing cesarean sections. All patients had rapid sequence induction using thiopental, succinylcholine, and endotracheal intubation. They were then randomly assigned to one of five groups: Group I (n = 16) received N₂O and oxygen, Group II (n = 16) N₂O, oxygen, and 0.25% halothane, Group III (n = 18) N₂O, oxygen, and 0.5% halothane, Group IV (n = 18) N₂O, oxygen, and 0.5% enflurane, Group V (n = 13) N₂O, oxygen, and 1% enflurane. At delivery, blood was drawn from the maternal artery, umbilical vein and artery for measurement of the halogenated agents using gas chromatography. The neonates were evaluated by Apgar scores, umbilical artery and vein acid base status and the Early Neonatal Neurobehavioral Scores (ENNS) at 2 and 24 h of age. Blood loss and the incidence of maternal awareness were also determined. The umbilical vein to maternal vein ratio was approximately 0.5 and 0.6 for enflurane and halothane, respectively. The umbilical artery to umbilical vein ratio was 0.5 with both agents; higher inspired anesthetic concentrations produced higher blood levels. All neonates had Apgar scores of 8 or more at 5 min with the exception of one neonate in the N₂O group. Maternal and neonatal acid base status, blood loss, and ENNS were not affected by the addition of the halogenated agents. Of the patients who had N₂O alone, 12% had awareness versus none in the other groups. These data demonstrate that low dose halothane or enflurane decreases the incidence of maternal awareness and does not adversely affect the neonate.