Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor activation of p21 WAF1 involves changes in promoter-associated proteins, including HDAC1

Abstract

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACi) cause cancer cell growth arrest and/or apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. The HDACi suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is in phase I/II clinical trials showing significant anticancer activity. Despite wide distribution of HDACs in chromatin, SAHA alters the expression of few genes in transformed cells. p21^WAF1 is one of the most commonly induced. SAHA does not alter the expression of p27^KIPI, an actively transcribed gene, or globin, a silent gene, in ARP-1 cells. Here we studied SAHA-induced changes in the p21^WAF1 promoter of ARP-1 cells to better understand the mechanism of HDACi gene activation. Within 1 h, SAHA caused modifications in acetylation and methylation of core histones and increased DNase I sensitivity and restriction enzyme accessibility in the p21^WAF1 promoter. These changes did not occur in the p27^KIPI or ε-globin gene-related histones. The HDACi caused a marked decrease in HDAC1 and Myc and an increase in RNA polymerase II in proteins bound to the p21^WAF1 promoter. Thus, this study identifies effects of SAHA on p21^WAF1-associated proteins that explain, at least in part, the selective effect of HDACi in altering gene expression.