An ATR- and BRCA1-Mediated Fanconi Anemia Pathway Is Required for Activating the G2/M Checkpoint and DNA Damage Repair upon Rereplication

Abstract

The timely assembly of prereplicative complexes at replication origins is tightly controlled to ensure that genomic DNA is replicated once per cell cycle. The loss of geminin, a DNA replication inhibitor, causes rereplication that activates a G₂/M checkpoint in human cancer cells. Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive and X-linked disorder associated with cancer susceptibility. Here we show that rereplication activates the FA pathway both for the activation of a G₂/M checkpoint and for repair processes, like recruitment of RAD51. Both ATR and BRCA1 are required to activate the FA pathway. The G₂/M checkpoint-mediated arrest of the cell cycle is critical for the prevention of both apoptosis and the accumulation of cells with rereplicated DNA, because the loss of ATR, BRCA1, or FANCA promotes apoptosis and suppresses the accumulation. The accumulation of cells with rereplicated DNA is restored by the artificial induction of a G₂-phase arrest even when ATR, BRCA1, or FANCA is absent. Therefore, the ATR- and BRCA1-mediated FA pathway is required for the activation of a G₂/M checkpoint and for DNA damage repair in response to the endogenous signal of rereplication. In its absence, the cells rapidly lose viability when faced with rereplication.