Insulin-like growth factor I protects and rescues hippocampal neurons against β-amyloid- and human amylin-induced toxicity

Abstract

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) are well known trophic factors and their specific receptors are uniquely distributed throughout the brain, being especially concentrated in the hippocampal formation. IGFs possess neurotrophic activities in the hippocampus, an area severely affected in Alzheimer disease. These data, together with the evidence that β-amyloid (Aβ)-derived peptides likely play an important role in the neurodegenerative process observed in Alzheimer disease, led us to investigate if IGFs could be neuroprotective to hippocampal neurons against toxicity induced by amyloidogenic derivatives. Exposure of rat primary hippocampal neurons to different concentrations of Aβ_25–35, Aβ_1–40, Aβ_1–42, and human amylin produced marked toxicity, while similar concentrations of two control Aβ peptides—reverse (Aβ_40–1) and scrambled sequence (Aβ_25–35)—and rat amylin failed to exhibit any significant effect on neuronal survival. IGF-I (10–100 nM) significantly protected hippocampal neurons against neurotoxicity induced by Aβ derivatives and human amylin. The homolog IGF-II was also effective although less potent than IGF-I suggesting the involvement of a typical IGF-I receptor in the observed neuroprotective effect. Most interestingly, IGF-I (10–100 nM) was even able to rescue neurons pre-exposed (up to 4 days) to amyloidogenic peptides. Other neurotrophic factors are reported to lack such rescuing abilities. These results suggest that IGF-I may have unique properties as a potent neuroprotective and neurorescuing agent against amyloid-related neurotoxicity.