An XPS Study of Blackening of Indium-Tin Oxide Film during Deposition of Dielectric Films by RF Magnetron Sputtering

Abstract
The blackening phenomenon of an indium-tin oxide (ITO) film when Sr(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 dielectric film was deposited on it by the rf magnetron sputtering method has been examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that the blackening took place in the thin surface layer of the ITO film near the Sr(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3/ITO interface and originated from preferential reduction of the Sn4+ ion to Sn0 rather than of In3+.