Abstract
Assuming parallelism between CPn-1 model in two dimensions and SU(N) gauge model in four dimensions, we conclude: i) The vacuum of an SU(N) gauge model is two-fold degenerate and a topological symmetry breaking occurs. ii) In a lattice gauge model a new kind of phase transition occurs at the crossover point gT from strong to weak coupling. Although the system is disordered both for ggT and ggT, the mechanisms to disorder the system are different. For ggT vortices with finite thickness disorder the system, while for ggT half-instanton gas disorders the system (for SU(2)). For SU(3), one-third-instanton gas disorders the system. The relation between an instanton and a Z(2) monopole as well as the relation between SU(2) theory and SU(2)/ Z(2) theory is discussed. We also derive constraints on the number of flavor from requirement of stability of half (one-third)-instanton gas.