Massless excitations in pseudoparticle fields

Abstract

A simple relation is derived which specifies the number of massless excitations of a Dirac field of any isospin in the field of an arbitrary configuration of pseudoparticles. The small fluctuations of the pseudoparticle field are related to those of a Dirac field with unit isospin, proving that a pseudoparticle field with winding number $\pm n$ has $8n$ independent modes of small oscillations. Thus, a general configuration of $n$ pseudoparticles or antipseudoparticles should be characterized by $8n$ parameters.