Immunomodulatory role of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3

Abstract

The active vitamin D metabolite 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [1,25‐D₃] is thought to promote many of its actions through interaction with a specific intracellular receptor. The discovery of such receptors in monocytes and activated lymphocytes has led investigators to evaluate the role of the hormone on the immune system. The sterol inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and immunoglobulin production in a dose‐dependent fashion. At a molecular level, 1,25‐D₃ inhibits the accumulation of mRNA for IL‐2, IFN‐γ, and GM‐CSF. At a cellular level, the hormone interferes with T helper cell (T_h) function, reducing T_h‐induction of immunoglobulin production by B cells and inhibiting the passive transfer of cellular immunity by T_h‐clones in vivo. The sterol promotes suppressor cell activity and inhibits the generation of cytotoxic and NK cells. Class II antigen expression on lymphocytes and monocytes is also affected by the hormone. When given in vivo, 1,25‐D₃ has been particularly effective in the prevention of autoimmune diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and murine lupus but its efficacy has been limited by its hypercalcemic effect. Synthetic vitamin D₃ analogues showing excellent 1,25‐D₃‐receptor binding but less pronounced hypercalcemic effects in vivo have recently enhanced the immunosuppressive properties of the hormone in autoimmunity and transplantation.