Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize currently-used methods for the sampling and analysis of the F- content of both the biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere. Some of the important aims and requirements of techniques for sampling and analysis are given. Emphasis was placed on the substrate rather than the analytical method because the choice of methods is dependent on the physical and chemical nature of the sample as well as on the type of investigation and the anticipated use of the data.