UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis

Abstract

Phagocytosis is thought to be initiated by activation of phagocytosis-promoting receptors that recognize 'eat-me' signals such as phosphatidylserine or amyloid-β expressed in the apoptotic cells. But now Koizumi et al. demonstrate a novel type of microglial phagocytosis that requires neither typical 'eat-me' signals nor Fc receptor ligands for initiation. Instead, this phagocytosis is promoted by the diffusible extracellular molecule uridine 5′-diphosphate, released by injured cells. The UDP activates P2Y6 receptors on the microglial surface. The clearance of dead cells is crucial to the maintenance of brain function, so these findings may have implications for a range of central nervous system diseases. Microglia, brain immune cells, engage in the clearance of dead cells or dangerous debris, which is crucial to the maintenance of brain functions. When a neighbouring cell is injured, microglia move rapidly towards it or extend a process to engulf the injured cell. Because cells release or leak ATP when they are stimulated1,2 or injured3,4, extracellular nucleotides are thought to be involved in these events. In fact, ATP triggers a dynamic change in the motility of microglia in vitro5,6 and in vivo3,4, a previously unrecognized mechanism underlying microglial chemotaxis5,6; in contrast, microglial phagocytosis has received only limited attention. Here we show that microglia express the metabotropic P2Y6 receptor whose activation by endogenous agonist UDP triggers microglial phagocytosis. UDP facilitated the uptake of microspheres in a P2Y6-receptor-dependent manner, which was mimicked by the leakage of endogenous UDP when hippocampal neurons were damaged by kainic acid in vivo and in vitro. In addition, systemic administration of kainic acid in rats resulted in neuronal cell death in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions, where increases in messenger RNA encoding P2Y6 receptors that colocalized with activated microglia were observed. Thus, the P2Y6 receptor is upregulated when neurons are damaged, and could function as a sensor for phagocytosis by sensing diffusible UDP signals, which is a previously unknown pathophysiological function of P2 receptors in microglia.