The separation of clay mineral fractions with linear heavy liquid density gradient columns

Abstract

Because of increased interest in mineralogical analysis of soils a rapid, generally applicable method to separate clay minerals is needed, and such a method is described here. The technique is a modification of the heavy liquid density gradient centrifugation method which is commonly applied in mineralogical practice. Modifications are: (1)The use of suitable surface active agents to overcome the flocculation problem. (2)The use of the ultra centrifuge at about 33,000 g to hasten sedimentation. (3)The use of a linear density gradient which supplies in addition a quick identification of the mineral composition. Preliminary experiments, evaluating different variables (e.g. cation form, ultrasonic treatment, influence of surfactant), reveal the scope and limitations of the procedure presented.Clay minerals of different density can be separated. However, if the clay minerals of a mixture have overlapping densities, or if they contain a series of mixed-layer minerals, only a broad fractionation is possible. This is shown by X-ray diffraction and electron microscope studies of isolated zones (or parts of them) which develop in the centrifuged density gradient columns containing various pre-treated natural clays or clay mixtures.