vygotsky’s cultural-historical theory is discussed, especially the distinction between lower and higher psychological processes. The distinction is criticized, based in part on discussions in Soviet psychology. In particular, it is shown that Vygotsky separated the lower and higher psychological processes too sharply, and that his conception of lower processes as ‘natural’ and ‘passive’ is false. The authors suggest that these shortcomings can be overcome within the cultural-historical framework. Vygotsky’s theory is not only of historical value, but continues to play a role in contemporary psychology.