Reproduction of Lyssaviruses: Ultrastructural Composition of Lyssavirus and Functional Aspects of Pathogenesis

Abstract

Lyssaviruses are considerably adapted to neural tissue, although they can also be replicated in muscle and glandular cells. In neural tissue their reproduction takes place almost exclusively in neurons, and in the course of their dissemination they make use of the structural peculiarities of this highly differentiated cell type. The replication takes place completely in the cytoplasm, although rhabdovirus leader RNA enters the nucleus and by blocking host DNA and RNA synthesis promotes viral synthetic processes. In the cytoplasm the two phases of viral reproduction, the synthesis of nucleocapsids and the formation of the envelope together with the assembly of the virion, are separate in time and space. By this separation the transmission of infection by the incomplete form of the virus, i.e., by the synaptic transfer of ribonucleoprotein-transcriptase complexes is also possible. The formation of viral envelope and assembly of full viruses on the cisternal system of the host neurons is a highly complex process, as presented here in a three-dimensional analysis. Due to the high complexity of virus assembly, defects in construction are frequent, accounting for the high yield of defective interfering particles in the course of the reproduction of lyssaviruses.