The effects of population structure on the spread of the HIV infection

Abstract

A model for the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a population of male homosexuals is presented. The population is divided into five groups on the basis of degree of sexual activity. Within each group, the individuals are classified as (1) susceptible; (2) infective; or (3) removed because of a lack of sexual activity associated with advanced acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS). The infective individuals are further subdivided into four stages of infection. Analyses of the model address two questions with regard to the spread of HIV: (1) What is the effect of level of sexual activity on an individual's risk for infection, and (2) What is the effect that assumptions about mixing between groups have on both individual risk and transmission throughout a population? Results from analyses using a number of different parameter estimates show that increased levels of sexual activity increase the likelihood that an individual will become infected. In addition, the initial spread of the disease is markedly affected by variation in the amount of contact among individuals from different subpopulations. The steady-state incidence of the disease is not markedly affected by variation in the contact patterns, but the size of the steady-state population and therefore the proportion of infected individuals in the population does vary significantly with changes in the degree of mixing among subpopulations. These results show clearly the sensitivity of model outcomes to variation in the patterns of contact among individuals and the need for better data on such interactions to aid in understanding and predicting the spread of HIV.