Crucial Role of NO and Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor in Human Sustained Conduit Artery Flow-Mediated Dilatation

Abstract

Whether NO is involved or not in sustained conduit artery flow-mediated dilatation in humans remains unclear. Moreover, the role of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), synthesized by cytochrome epoxygenases and acting through calcium-activated potassium channels, and its relationship with NO during flow-mediated dilatation have never been investigated previously. In 12 healthy subjects we measured radial artery diameter (echotracking) and blood flow (Doppler) during flow-mediated dilatation induced by gradual distal hand skin heating (34 to 44°C), during the local infusion of saline and inhibitors of NO synthase ( N ^G -monomethyl- l -arginine [ l -NMMA]: 8 to 20 μmol/min per liter), calcium-activated potassium channels (tetraethylammonium chloride: 9 μmol/min per liter), and cytochrome epoxygenases (fluconazole: 0.4 to 1.6 μmol/min per liter), alone and in combination. Mean wall shear stress, the flow-mediated dilatation stimulus, was calculated at each level of flow, and the diameter–wall shear stress relationship was constructed. During heating, compared with saline, the diameter–shear stress relationship was shifted downward by l -NMMA, tetraethylammonium, fluconazole, and, in a more pronounced manner, by the combinations of l -NMMA with tetraethylammonium or with fluconazole. Therefore, maximal radial artery flow-mediated dilatation, compared with saline (0.62±0.03 mm), was decreased under our experimental conditions by l -NMMA (−39±4%), tetraethylammonium chloride (−14±4%), fluconazole (−18±6%), and to a greater extent, by the combinations of l -NMMA with tetraethylammonium (−64±4%) or with fluconazole (−71±3%). This study demonstrates that NO and a cytochrome-related EDHF are involved in peripheral conduit artery flow-mediated dilatation in humans during sustained flow conditions. Moreover, the synergistic effects of the inhibitors strongly suggest a functional interaction between NO and EDHF pathways.