Analysis of Single Alzheimer Solid Plaque Cores by Laser Capture Microscopy and Nanoelectrospray/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Aggregation of the 40−42 residue amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) into amyloid plaques is a central event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Many proteins have by immunohistochemical techniques been shown to codeposit with Aβ in AD plaques. It is possible that some of these could seed Aβ aggregation and therefore be found in the actual core of the plaque. Here, we present a highly sensitive method for unbiased biochemical analysis of plaque cores. A mild purification protocol based on centrifugation and filtration was used to purify intact plaque cores from human AD brain. The purified plaques were dispensed on a glass slide and viewed in a laser capture microscope, and plaque cores were catapulted into a tube cap by a laser beam. After dissolution in formic acid, plaques were digested and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled online to electrospray/tandem mass spectrometry. One single plaque was found to be sufficient for positive identification of the main amyloid component. Remarkably, Aβ was the only protein identified when 200 plaques were isolated and analyzed with the present method. Thus, it is possible that no proteins copolymerize with Aβ in the plaque cores and that Aβ alone is sufficient for formation of plaque cores. In support of this notion, core-like structures were observed after incubation of synthetic Aβ for 2 weeks. We suggest that the method described here could be used for the general analysis of amyloid aggregates and inclusion bodies found in other neurodegenerative disorders and that plaque cores in AD brain are molecularly homogeneous structures.