Role of protein phosphorylation in TNF‐induced apoptosis: Phosphatase inhibitors synergize with TNF to activate DNA fragmentation in normal as well as TNF‐resistant U937 variants

Abstract

This study examined the role of protein phosphorylation in TNF induction of apoptosis in several tumor cell lines by testing the effects of agents that either stimulate or inhibit protein phosphorylation. The serine‐threonine phosphatase inhibitors, okadaic acid (OKA) and calyculin A (CLA), synergistically augmented TNF‐induced apoptosis in several TNF‐sensitive tumor cell lines including the U937 histiocytic lymphoma, the BT‐20 mammary carcinoma, and the LNCap prostatic tumor cell line. Furthermore, the phosphatase inhibitors completely reversed the TNF resistance of a variant (U9‐TR) derived from U937. CLA also inhibited phosphatase activity in cell‐free extracts from both U937 and U9‐TR at the same concentrations (0.4–2.0 nM) that it synergized with TNF. In contrast, TNF treatment of U937 cells did not result in inhibition of phosphatase activity mediated by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and PP2A in cell extracts. Since the phosphatase inhibitors are known to increase the overall levels of protein phosphorylation in cells, this suggested that TNF may act by stimulating protein kinase (PK) activity. This hypothesis was supported by the results of testing a panel of relatively specific protein kinase inhibitors. TNF activation of DNA fragmentation was blocked by a potent inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) but was unaffected by inhibitors of cAMP or cGMP‐dependent PKs. We postulate that a defect in the activation of MLCK or possibly some other as yet unknown PK may be responsible for the TNF resistance of U9‐TR. Furthermore, this resistance may be circumvented by promoting protein phosphorylation with the serine‐threonine‐dependent phosphatase inhibitors.