Influences of Water Vapor on Cr(VI) Reduction by Gaseous Hydrogen Sulfide

Abstract

In Situ Gaseous Reduction (ISGR) using hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a technology developed for soil remediation by reductive immobilization of contaminants such as hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). Deploying the technology requires us to obtain a much-improved understanding of the interactions among the contaminants, H₂S, and various soil components. In this study, Cr(VI) reduction by gaseous H₂S was examined under various relative humidities (0−96.7%), concentrations of Cr(VI) (127−475 μg/g of solid), and H₂S (0−800 ppm_v) and by using Cr(VI) compounds with different solubilities. Glass beads with various average diameters (GA = 0.600 mm; GB = 0.212−0.300 mm; and GC = 0.106 mm) and silica (SA = 0.075−0.150 mm) were used as matrices to support K₂CrO₄, CaCrO₄, PbCrO₄, or BaCrO₄, and reduction of these compounds by gaseous H₂S was monitored by Cr(VI) analysis following extractions with distilled water or hot alkali solution. The results showed that Cr(VI) reduction relied on both the relative humidity of the gaseous stream and the size of particles onto which Cr(VI) was deposited. The relative humidity required for fast Cr(VI) reduction was 85% for GA, 61% for GB, 6% for SA, and 0% for GC. It was believed that a water film formed on the particle surfaces under appropriate humidity conditions, resulting in Cr(VI) compound dissolution and subsequent reduction. For nonsoluble Cr(VI) compounds including PbCrO₄ and BaCrO₄, no reduction by H₂S was observed, even at high relative humidity (96.7%), due to lack of dissolution. This study indicated that ISGR treatment in soils requires appropriate moisture content in the subsurface or maintaining a suitable humidity in the treatment gas stream to maximize chromium immobilization.