A voltage contrast detector for the SEM

Abstract
A voltage contrast detector is described for measuring the potential of a sample in a scanning electron microscope by monitoring the energy shift in the differential secondary electron spectrum. The longterm stability of the measurement is +or-0.5 V and is independent of changes in topography of typical microelectronic devices. Use of this detector does not interfere with either the logical operation of the device or with the stroboscopic operation of the SEM.

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