A systematic study of schizophrenic patients who did not respond satisfactorily to 1 of 5 different forms of treatment given under controlled conditions showed that almost all responded satisfactorily to subsequent treatment with the combination of ataraxic drugs and group psychotherapy. Whatever the original form of treatment, and despite subsequent retreatment with drugs and group psychotherapy, there was a treatment-resistant core, a few patients who either responded very slowly or who improved relatively little.