Neurotransmitter/sodium symporter orthologue LeuT has a single high-affinity substrate site

Abstract

Neurotransmitter sodium-coupled symporters (NSSs) couple the uptake of a neurotransmitter with one or more sodium ions, removing the neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft. LeuT, a prokaryotic orthologue of the NSS family, has been used to explore the relationship between molecular mechanism and atomic structure in a broad range of transporters. There is some controversy over whether there are one or two high-affinity substrate-binding sites in LeuT. The initial crystal structure of LeuT, together with subsequent functional and structural studies, provided direct evidence for a single, high-affinity substrate-binding site. Recent binding, flux and molecular simulation studies, however, have been interpreted in terms of a model where there are two high-affinity binding sites: the second (S2) site is thought to be located within the extracellular vestibule. In this paper, the authors perform direct measurement of substrate binding to wild-type LeuT and to S2 site mutants using isothermal titration calorimetry, equilibrium dialysis and scintillation proximity assays. The authors conclude that LeuT harbours a single, centrally located, high-affinity substrate-binding site. The initial crystal structure of LeuT, together with subsequent functional and structural studies, provided direct evidence for a single, high-affinity substrate-binding site. Recent binding, flux and molecular simulation studies, however, have been interpreted in terms of a model where there are two high-affinity binding sites: the second (S2) site is believed to be located within the extracellular vestibule. Here, direct measurement is performed of substrate binding to wild-type LeuT and to S2 site mutants using isothermal titration calorimetry, equilibrium dialysis and scintillation proximity assays. The conclusion is made that LeuT harbours a single, centrally located, high-affinity substrate-binding site. Neurotransmitter/sodium symporters (NSSs) couple the uptake of neurotransmitter with one or more sodium ions1,2,3, removing neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft. NSSs are essential to the function of chemical synapses, are associated with multiple neurological diseases and disorders4, and are the targets of therapeutic and illicit drugs5. LeuT, a prokaryotic orthologue of the NSS family, is a model transporter for understanding the relationships between molecular mechanism and atomic structure in a broad range of sodium-dependent and sodium-independent secondary transporters6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13. At present there is a controversy over whether there are one or two high-affinity substrate binding sites in LeuT. The first-reported crystal structure of LeuT, together with subsequent functional and structural studies, provided direct evidence for a single, high-affinity, centrally located substrate-binding site, defined as the S1 site14,15. Recent binding, flux and molecular simulation studies, however, have been interpreted in terms of a model where there are two high-affinity binding sites: the central, S1, site and a second, the S2 site, located within the extracellular vestibule16. Furthermore, it was proposed that the S1 and S2 sites are allosterically coupled such that occupancy of the S2 site is required for the cytoplasmic release of substrate from the S1 site16. Here we address this controversy by performing direct measurement of substrate binding to wild-type LeuT and to S2 site mutants using isothermal titration calorimetry, equilibrium dialysis and scintillation proximity assays. In addition, we perform uptake experiments to determine whether the proposed allosteric coupling between the putative S2 site and the S1 site manifests itself in the kinetics of substrate flux. We conclude that LeuT harbours a single, centrally located, high-affinity substrate-binding site and that transport is well described by a simple, single-substrate kinetic mechanism.