X-center formation by neutron irradiation of Ga-doped float-zone silicon

Abstract
Neutron irradiation of gallium‐doped float‐zone grown silicon has been observed to cause the appearance of the gallium X center. Hall effect, infrared absorption, and photoconductivity (photothermal ionization) were used to reveal its presence. The X center was seen in irradiated samples but not in unirradiated ones under identical annealing conditions. The measured ionization energy of this center agrees well with previously reported data (0.057 eV).