Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistical test for analysis of ZAP‐70 expression in B‐CLL, compared with quantitative PCR and IgVH mutation status

Abstract

Background: ZAP‐70 has been proposed as a surrogate marker for immunoglobulin heavy‐chain variable region (IgV_H) mutation status, which is known as a prognostic marker in B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The flow cytometric analysis of ZAP‐70 suffers from difficulties in standardization and interpretation. We applied the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) statistical test to make analysis more straightforward. Methods: We examined ZAP‐70 expression by flow cytometry in 53 patients with CLL. Analysis was performed as initially described by Crespo et al. (New England J Med 2003; 348:1764‐1775) and alternatively by application of the KS statistical test comparing T cells with B cells. Receiver‐operating‐characteristics (ROC)‐curve analyses were performed to determine the optimal cut‐off values for ZAP‐70 measured by the two approaches. ZAP‐70 protein expression was compared with ZAP‐70 mRNA expression measured by a quantitative PCR (qPCR) and with the IgV_H mutation status. Results: Both flow cytometric analyses correlated well with the molecular technique and proved to be of equal value in predicting the IgV_H mutation status. Applying the KS test is reproducible, simple, straightforward, and overcomes a number of difficulties encountered in the Crespo‐method. Conclusions: The KS statistical test is an essential part of the software delivered with modern routine analytical flow cytometers and is well suited for analysis of ZAP‐70 expression in CLL. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology