Statistical Theory of Networks of Non-Gaussian Flexible Chains

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to develop a selfconsistent theory of rubber‐like materials consisting of networks of non‐Gaussian chain molecules. Three kinds of series developments are derived for the distribution function of perfectly flexible single chains from the Fourier integral solution of Rayleigh; namely, (1) long chains with actual extension much less than the maximum extension, (2) long chains with actual extension comparable to the maximum extension, and (3) short chains. In the non‐Gaussian network theory, the leading term of the series (2) is used as the starting point for the individual chains of the network. Calculations are made for the case where the free junctions are moving with no restriction, and for the case where the free junctions are assumed to be at their most probable positions. The final expressions of the elastic energy for the two cases are compared, and it is shown that the percentage difference of the two expressions is of the order 1/n (n being the average number of links per chain), which is negligible for sufficiently large n. Finally an expression of the elastic energy is obtained with the assumption that all junctions are fixed and is shown to be, in general, a function of three strain invariants. The interdependence of the coefficients of the invariants is shown. Comparison of theory and experiment is given. Because of the interdependence of the coefficients only part of the observed deviations from Gaussian theory can be explained by our molecular theory. The remaining discrepancies must be ascribed to van der Waals forces. This should show up in the (not yet investigated) temperature dependence of these discrepancies.