Properties of hadronic interactions at≈106GeV: Clues from cosmic-ray air showers

Abstract
We calculate the effect of intranuclear cascades and rising cross sections on the development of extensive air showers at energies up to 107 GeV. We find that these effects do not completely eliminate previously reported discrepancies between calculated and observed shower properties. We conclude that these discrepancies can only be removed by new features of high-energy interactions, predominantly heavy primaries at these energies, or both.