Elk Diets and Activities on Different Lodgepole Pine Habitat Segments

Abstract
The biweekly diets of tame elk (Cervus canadensis) were established on a species dry-weight basis for different habitat segments in the lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) type. Principal species in the diets (those comprising 5% or more) on each habitat segment were generally composed of preferred species. Some highly abundant but nonpreferred species took on principal dietary status, whereas some preferred species, scarce in the vegetation, contributed less than 5% to diets. Forbs contributed most to total diet; grasses and sedges were the second largest contributors. Browse appeared to be of limited importance, but mushrooms had significance in forested habitat segments. Preference changes were evident as forb species matured. Consumption rates were significantly higher in habitat segments having greater species diversity and forage density. The time tame elk spent grazing, ruminating, lying, grooming, traveling, standing, drinking and playing were referenced to specific habitat segments in which each activity occurred. Individual elk activity (1008 h) was observed over six 24 h periods. Wet meadows, dry meadows, clearcuts and revegetated roads were preferred as grazing sites, while mature and stagnated forests were clearly nonpreferred. Wet meadows, revegetated roads and mature forest were preferred for resting and nongrazing activities.