AvrB mutants lose both virulence and avirulence activities on soybean and Arabidopsis

Abstract

The Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea effector protein AvrB induces resistance responses in soybean varieties that contain the resistance gene Rpg1‐b and Arabidopsis varieties that carry RPM1. In addition to this avirulence activity, AvrB also enhances bacterial virulence on soybean plants that lack Rpg1‐b and induces a chlorotic phenotype on Arabidopsis plants that lack RPM1. We screened a library of avrB mutants for loss of avirulence on soybean and Arabidopsis, and assayed selected avirulence mutants for loss of virulence on both plants. All mutants screened were recognized similarly on both plant species. Nine single‐site avrB mutations that affected avirulence localized to a solvent‐accessible pocket in the protein structure. Seven of these mutated residues are absolutely conserved between AvrB and its nine homologues. Avirulence mutants generally lost virulence enhancement on susceptible soybean varieties and lost the ability to induce a chlorotic response on the rpm1 null Arabidopsis variety Mt‐0. Three of four avirulence mutants tested failed to interact with RIN4, an Arabidopsis protein previously shown to be required for RPM1 function. Our results suggest that soybean and Arabidopsis recognize AvrB in the same manner, and that AvrB enzymatic activity is required for its function as an avirulence and virulence effector on two different plant species.