Antibody Assays for Varicella-Zoster Virus: Comparison of Enzyme Immunoassay with Neutralization, Immune Adherence Hemagglutination, and Complement Fixation

Abstract

An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was adapted for detection of antibody to varicella-zoster virus, and its sensitivity and specificity were compared with those of neutralization, immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) and complement fixation tests. Test sera showed little nonspecific reactivity in the EIA system, and valid results could usually be obtained at serum dilutions as low as 1:8. Demonstration of the presence or absence of varicella-zoster viral antibody by EIA showed 94% correlation with results obtained in neutralization tests, but EIA titers were 2- to 16-fold higher than neutralizing antibody titers. Results by IAHA showed 87% correlation with those obtained by neutralization. No false positive IAHA results were seen, but a number of false negative IAHA results were seen at the 1:8 serum dilution, particularly in older individuals. With increasing age (> 40 yr), and presumably increased time from varicella infection, neutralizing antibody levels generally declined to 1:8 or 1:16, EIA levels from to 1:128 or 1:256, and IAHA and complement fixation antibody titers were usually < 1:8 or 1:8, EIA and IAHA were as reliable as the neutralization and complement fixation tests for serodiagnosis of varicella and zoster infections. All tests demonstrated heterotypic varicella-zoster antibody titer rises in selected patients with initial herpes simplex virus infections, but fewer heterotypic responses were seen by EIA than by the other methods. EIA offers a rapid, sensitive and specific method for varicella-zoster antibody assay that is applicable to use in a clinical setting.