Translation start site multiplicity of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α mRNA is dictated by a small 5′ open reading frame

Abstract

The CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP) alpha and beta of the bZIP family of transcription factors each occur as multiple forms due to translation initiation at different in-frame AUG codons from the same messenger RNA. The C/EBP alpha mRNAs of chicken, rat and Xenopus all contain a small 5' open reading frame (5'ORF) whose size (18 nucleotides) and distance (seven nucleotides) to the C/EBP alpha cistron has been conserved in vertebrate evolution. The present studies shows that the small 5'ORF is crucial to the leaky scanning mechanism of ribosomes causing a fraction of them to ignore the first C/EBP alpha AUG codon and to start at internal AUGs. Our data challenge the view that translational start site multiplicity is mainly governed by the sequence context of the potential initiation codons. Western analysis showed that the two major chicken C/EBP alpha translation products, the full-length cC/EBP alpha-42 which acts a trans-activator in liver and the N-terminally truncated cC/EBP alpha-29 which lacks transcription activation potential, occur in a fixed ratio which is similar in different expressing tissues, like liver, lung and small intestine. The presence of a similar, thusfar unnoticed, small ORF 5' to the major initiation codon of C/EBP beta mRNA suggests that start site multiplicity from this mRNA may be governed by the same mechanism.